Effects of Increasing Minimum Wage - 794 Words

The idea of having a federal minimum wage is a good one. The idea is to protect low and unskilled workers and allow workers to earn a living wage. The recent debate on the floor, though, is whether or not to raise the minimum wage from the current $7.25 per hour up to $10.10. President Barack Obama made this proposal during his annual State of the Union Address, and after this there were many hot debates about it. The debates focused not only on the pro side and the con side of increasing the minimum wage, but also alternatives to increasing it. There are many pros to increasing the minimum wage, most of which are simple enough to understand and make someone think that there is no reason not to increase the minimum wage. The first and most important benefit of increasing the minimum wage is that workers are able to work to earn a living wage, a wage that is high enough that workers are able to maintain a normal standard of living. Next in line is that a higher minimum wage will increase workers incentive to work, and also increase the incentive of the population not in the labor force to join the labor force and seek jobs. Going off that point, increasing the minimum wage will reduce the need for social programs, such as unemployment, welfare, SNAP, etc., because there will be fewer people living at or below the poverty line and that qualify for these programs. Moving along the list of advantages, increasing the minimum wage will also increase the amount of money workersShow MoreRelatedEffects of Increasing Minimum Wage Essa y988 Words   |  4 PagesThe idea of having a federal minimum wage is a good one. The idea is to protect low and unskilled workers from discrimination and allow all workers to earn a living wage. The recent debate on the floor, though, is whether or not to raise the minimum wage from the current $7.25 per hour up to $10.10 per hour. President Barack Obama made this proposal during his annual State of the Union Address on January 28, and following this there were many hot debates about it. The debates focused not only onRead MoreThe Effects Of Increasing Minimum Wage On The United States1853 Words   |  8 Pages The Effects of Increasing Minimum Wage Caroline Mattox Central Virginia Community College Introduction In 1938, the first national minimum wage laws in the United States were passed as part of the Fair Labor Standards Act, which served as â€Å"a floor below wages,† to reduce poverty and to ensure that economic growth is shared across the workforce. Today, many people who work for companies that pay at or near the minimum wage and remain near or below the poverty level rely on governmentRead MoreThe Effects Of Minimum Wage On The Economy1391 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects Minimum Wage on the Economy The controversial topic about increasing minimum wage is debated countless times over the years. Minimum wage is the lowest wage an employer can pay an employee permitted by law. The contemporary federal minimum wage is $7.25. Minimum wage applies to all domestic workers but teenagers are the main receivers of minimum wage. Minimum wage has a major effect on the economy. The question is are the effects positive or negative. There are many arguments on whetherRead MoreMinimum Wage And Its Effect On The Economy1015 Words   |  5 Pagespositive and negative ways such as increasing the employment rate and increasing the unemployment rate. The increasing of unemployment rate is caused by some reasons, and one of the problem that causes the high unemployment rate is the issue of minimum wage. Depending on the states in U.S., the price of minimum wage is different, but the low minimum wage may cause the economic condition worse. Minimum wage is the lowest wage that an employer is allowed to pay. This wage is regulated by the law, so allRead MoreDoes the Minimum Wage Increase the Standard of Living for Low-Income People?1391 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States has maintained a minimum wage which was enacted since 1938. At the present time there is much political debate in regarding to increase the minimum wage to levels at the federal level, state, and local levels of government across this country. There are various theories regarding the minimum wage. Some believe it would circulate money into the economy faster which would negate and negative effects on employment, or even improve unemployment rates. Others point to the economic theoryRead MoreMinimum Wage And The Wage960 Words   |  4 Pagesculture, country, or type of job believe that increasing the minimum wage would solve individual financial problems. It is important to know that this subject is not a black-and-white problem and can not be answe red by a simple yes or a no answer. This article will be focusing on the minimum wage in America. Furthermore, we are focusing on the State s minimum wage rather the Federal minimum wage. It is important to understand that the state s minimum wage is different than the Federal. In some statesRead MorePros And Cons Of Raising The Minimum Wage1122 Words   |  5 PagesSince 2009, the federal minimum wage rate for employees has been $7.25 per hour. In retrospect, this is hardly enough pay to take care of one’s self-- let alone a family with children. If a person were to add up the average cost of living for one week and then compare it to the average amount of money earned in minimum wage for that week, it would be apparent that there is little to no extra money for emergency situations. Increasing the minimum wage has been a major controversial issue; DemocratsRead MoreMinimum Wage Raise in Seattle800 Words   |  4 PagesMinimum Wage Raise in Seattle After the protest in New York City, the issue of raising the minimum wage has come up once again. Seattle is spearheading this cause with a proposal of raising the minimum wage to $15 per hour. This will help minimum wage workers a great deal by increasing their income. However, there are concern that this move could hurt certain businesses, which can lead to higher unemployment and contraction of the economy. The ethical issue surfaced as this will benefit some atRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Minimum Wage In Taiwan1541 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Nowadays, minimum wage is very important for workers in this world. In addition, minimum wage is also a core element of public policy in lots of countries. For example, minimum wage has become a hot topic in Taiwan recently. The Taiwanese complained that the working hours are too long, and the wages are too low. Because of that reason, workers in Taiwan have come forward to protest this policy. Therefore, according to this example, minimum wage has become an issue that cannot be ignoredRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Be Increased1057 Words   |  5 PagesRebecca Nevins Meredith Sides English 101 16 November 2015 Minimum Wage Should Be Increased Congress enacted the federal minimum wage in 1938, during the Great Depression. Congress had two goals; keeping workers away from poverty and boosting consumer spending for economic recovery. Today, there is a debate, whether we should increase the minimum wage again. Increasing the minimum wage is useful for several reasons. First, the current minimum wage has failed to keep up with inflation. Second, a higher

Despite ongoing changes in society, sexism still remains a burning issue Free Essays

â€Å"Discriminating in favour of members in one sex; assuming a person’s abilities and social function are predetermined by his or her sex.† – Definition of sexism taken from the Oxford English Dictionary. Sexism today is everywhere. We will write a custom essay sample on Despite ongoing changes in society, sexism still remains a burning issue or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our society is extremely sexist. â€Å"1, an organized community; a system of living in this. 2; people of the higher social classes. 3; company, companionship. 4; a group organized for a common purpose.†(also taken from the Oxford English Dictionary), the definition of society, meaning simply states the society as it would be as if it is ideal, but it is far from it if we looked at it from a gender researchers point of view. Times are changing; our society is not as stereotypical as it has been in the past. There have been many changes in society to reduce sexism. In 1918 women finally won the right to vote after fifty-two years of campaigning. In the end women had to resort to methods of violence just to fight for the same rights as men. â€Å"In Victorian times writers (mostly men) were fascinated by the idea of an ideal woman. She was a very desirable creature innocent but sensual, passive but alert, and always obedient to men. Her aim in life was to be a patient and attentive wife, a loving and affectionate mother. Family was everything to her.† (taken from Hodder English 4, Victorian Women.) This shows us just how narrow minded the society was back in Victorian times. Also women’s achievements in history are not publicised as much as men’s if atall; they are now, but not as much as they should do In the English language there are lots of sexist words, for example the word ‘history’. This word ‘history’ implies that all of the past is to do with men and not women. ‘Human’ is also a sexist word and so is ‘woman’, both of those words contain ‘man’. Here is a list of some sexist words in the English language: ‘human’, ‘history’, ‘woman’, ‘mankind’, ‘Walkman’. As we can see the English language is very ‘man’ dominated. When people talk of God, ‘He’ is wrote about and not ‘She’ or ‘It’. ‘He’ is always referred to as a male. The Bible itself is sexist, â€Å"And God said, let us make MAN†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . With women appearing as â€Å"an helpmeet†. All the sexism in language which is used to offend the same sex is of an opposing sex nature. For example men call other men ‘girls’ if they are not as capable as they are in something, for example sports. There is a video about sexism and at the beginning of it the words ‘girls don’t swear’ came up in big bold lettering, which is clearly not true, society thinks females cannot be as grotesque as men but obviously they can. It seems to be acceptable for men to swear but if a women does it, she is sinned upon. On television programs which have swearing contained in them, mostly all of it is scripted to the males, and the women do not have hardly any swearing scripted to them. It also seems that women are not treated with as much respect as men are. If a woman is blonde they are thought to be ‘dumb’, whereas a blonde man would not even be thought to be ‘dumb’. In the past women were not even entitled to the right to a free education, this changed in the middle of the nineteenth century, but black women were not entitled to a free education until the middle of the twentieth century. This shows us that women did not have as much respect as men and that still carries on today, but not as severely. Women are thought to stay at home and cook while the husband is at work. This is changing now partly because there is a considerable amount of male chefs on television. Young girls are thought to be very delicate, and are described as food, whereas young boys are thought to be rough and dirty and are described as animals: Girls â€Å"Sugar and spice and all things nice, thats what little girls are made of!† Boys â€Å"Slugs and snails and puppy dog’s tails, that’s what little boys are made of!† Clearly whoever wrote these little sayings had a very narrow mind, and the time in society in which these were wrote was very narrow-minded. When women are described as food they are described as sweet foods such as; crumpets and honey. When women are described as animals they are described as animals which are thought as to be ugly and medalling: cow, minx, dog. Men are never described as food, but they are described as animals which are thought to be dirty and slimy: slugs, snails. Men are very rarely described as sexuality but women are quite commonly. Some of the words which describe women as sexuality are: ‘tramp’, ‘dyke’, ‘lesbian’, ‘slag’, ‘tit’, ‘slut’, ‘whore’, ‘hooker’. There are no words that describe men as sexuality, but it offends men to be called a ‘woman’. This implies that women are thought to be considerably weaker than men. Even middle-aged men call each other ‘little girls’ if they are not as strong as another, for example. You cannot call a man the same names as a woman can be called e.g. ‘slag’ which is very sexist. Men brag, gender is about power. Many people think when baby boys play with cars and when baby girls play with dolls it is nature. It could be nature but most things which are input into babies are from their parents, so it is most likely to be nurture. Also with babies it is expected that boys where blue and girls wear pink, if a boy wears pink people automatically think it is a girl and visa versa, it just shows how predigest our society is. The same applies for older males and females. Girls can wear trousers but boys cannot wear skirts, that is extremely sexist. Children’s books mainly aim themselves at the different genders simply by their titles. ‘Ms Muffet’ is â€Å"supposed† to be for girls, and ‘Fireman Sam’ is â€Å"supposed† to be for boys. The media is extremely sexist, first of all starting with newspapers. At the beginning of every issue of â€Å"The Sun†, there is a half naked woman. Never a man, always a woman. Also the whole newspaper is aimed at men, the newspaper concentrates on women, and male dominated sport. Women’s sport is never publicised on television, radio or in the newspaper. This could be because, it does not have an interest in people’s lives. Newspaper articles are sexist in many ways, and in mostly all the newspapers which are sold. An article in ‘The Daily Mail’ publicised on Thursday, February, 24th, 2000, was about women making men redundant i.e. women working instead of staying at home doing housework. The article also comments on how men are taking women’s roles’, â€Å"Everywhere we look these days, we see the complete feminisation of men.† The ‘Daily Star’ newspaper is also aimed at men. It has countless pictures of women (clothed and un-clothed), male dominated sports and adverts for men’s magazines. In one particular issue, (Saturday, September, 28, 2002), there was an article supposed to be about a golfer, but was mostly about his girlfriend, â€Å"Tiger Woods’ gorgeous girlfriend Ellin Nordegren.† Another article in ‘The Evening Echo’ publicised Wednesday, February, 2nd, 2002, was about a woman who worked in a post office who had to battle just for the right to wear trousers, â€Å"they can wear trousers and will not now be facing a disciplinary hearing.† This quote shows just how sexist our society is, women having to battle just to wear trousers. On television there are mostly male newsreaders though sometimes on the odd occasion there might be a man and a woman reading it together. The news on television, again only reports on male dominated sports with a female presenter, which shows who the sports are aimed at. I think our society is extremely sexist, but it is getting better, we have moved on very far since the Victorian times. But some people live their lives in the past and are a lot more sexist than others. How to cite Despite ongoing changes in society, sexism still remains a burning issue, Papers

Early Childhood Development Several Theories

Question: Discuss about the Early Childhood Development Several Theories. Answer: Introduction: Early childhood development is influenced by every experiences and interaction. Several theories have emerged because of intense research on childrens development. These include social child development and behavioural child development theories, psychoanalytic child development theories and others. These theories explain the various aspects of childhood development (social, cognitive growth, and emotional) (Wellington, 2015). This paper is a critical review of Piagets cognitive developmental theory. The paper presents an overview of the theory explaining its key concept. Further, a critical analysis of the theory is demonstrated and explained as to how the selected theory is applied to teaching and learning practices in educational settings. Jean Piaget developed the theory of Cognitive child development, explains that the thinking pattern of children differs from that of the parents. The theory describes that a child plays an active role in obtaining worldly knowledge and is based on the observation of his own three children (Mischel, 2013). It explains that the developmental phase of the child involves building cognitive structures that is networked concepts, mental maps or schemes to perceive , understand and respond to physical experiences in their surroundings. During the development the childs cognitive structures matures to perform complex mental activities than simple innate reflexes such as crying. According to Balakrishnan et al., (2016), Piagts highly influential model of child development and learning there are four stages. These are sensorimotor stage that begins from birth till two years of age, followed by preoperational stage occurring in ages 2-7, the concrete operations in the ages 7-11, and formal operation that begins at ages 11-15. The concept of the stages is explained in the subsequent sections. During the sensimotor stage, a child builds various concepts based on physical interaction with the environment and tends to perceive reality by repeating voluntary behaviours. At this stage a child is unaware of object permanence that is presence of physical objects even when out of sight. In the preoperational stage, a child struggles to conceptualise abstractly with concrete physical situations and does not depend on logic. Children are more egocentric in this stage. The physical experience accumulates at the stage of concrete operations Kolb, D. A. (2014). At this stage, a child is capable of building logical structures. They realise at this stage that their perception differs from others. The ability to solve abstract problems is attained at this stage of development. For example, a child can solve arithmetic equations with numbers instead of objects. They develop complex understanding of things and can explain their reasoning logically although their cognitive development is no t yet complete. At this stage, children are active and motivated learners. When a child attains formal operational stage, the cognitive structures behave as those of adult. In this phase, a child is capable of conceptual and scientific reasoning (Wellington, 2015). These cognitive structures are built on several principles. Piaget explained that a child is able to adapt with the environment because of two complementary processes- assimilation and accommodation (Mischel, 2013). A child perceives his or experiences with the environment based on the mental maps constructed. Repetition of experiences causes its assimilations into the cognitive structures of the child that establishes mental equilibrium. A different experience alters the equilibrium and hence a child erects sophisticated cognitive structures. Piagets theory has significant impact on practice of education (Fosnot, 2013). The theory implies for development appropriate education. This involves educating students in an environment with curriculum, materials, resources and instruction that best suits their cognitive abilities and meets their emotional and social needs. His theory implies that a teacher must focus and appreciate childrens way of thinking and arriving at particular conclusion (Kolb, 2014). This type of learning experience built on current level of cognitive functioning of children. His theory implies that teachers must recognise the crucial role of students self initiated learning and active involvement in various activities. Piagets experiments with children led to conclusion that didactic teaching should be avoided (Cohen Salapatek, 2013). Rather students should be allowed to discover things with spontaneous interaction with environment. His experiments revealed that students are better able to accommodate wi th their environment when they get the opportunity to act directly on the physical world. His theory strictly emphasise on avoiding premature training. Student should not be pushed to accept adult concepts in a quest to accelerate their development. It does not lead to true cognitive understanding (Balakrishnan et al., 2016). Piagets theory explains that the rate of development is different in different children although they all undergo same sages of cognitive development. Therefore, teachers must organise the classroom activities for small group of children rather than considering the whole group. Further, timely evaluation of each childs educational progress should be made in reference to previous course of development. Individual childs performances should not be standardised with same-age peers (Arnett, 2014). As a teacher of school setting, I will apply Piagets theories in classroom to structure the preoperational development. I will make use of concrete pops and visual aids wherever necessary. I will make use of relatively short instructions and explain concepts with action and words. I will provide an environment for children to have range of experiences that will act as a premise to build concept learning and language. At the age of 2-3 years children, tend to have different meaning of same word or different words with same meaning. Thus it is appropriate that they are not expected to meet our point of view and rather I will tend to understand students expectation and help them utilise their imitation, memory and thought. I will involve students of 4-7 yeras more in practising reading comprehension and other skills, which will help, develop language and recognition of symbolic form. This will act as a building block for developing complex skills to solve hands-on problems. I will assig n task for children of different ages based on their psychological maturity. Conclusively, Piagets theory of cognitive development has made significant contribution in understanding childs psychology and in the area of teaching. His theories are effective in developing strategies for student-centered learning. Theories of Piaget are significant and applied in modern education inspite of being criticised by other theorists regarding his underestimation of childhood abilities. References Arnett, J. J. (2014).Adolescence and emerging adulthood. Pearson Education Limited. Balakrishnan, M., Rengasamy, S., Aman, M. S. (2016). Teaching game for understanding in physical education: A theoretical framework and implication.ATIKAN,1(2). Bjorklund, D. F. (Ed.). (2013).Children's strategies: Contemporary views of cognitive development. Psychology Press. Cohen, L. B., Salapatek, P. (Eds.). (2013).Infant perception: From sensation to cognition: Basic visual processes(Vol. 1). Academic Press. Fosnot, C. T. (2013).Constructivism: Theory, perspectives, and practice. Teachers College Press. Kolb, D. A. (2014).Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. FT press. Mischel, T. (Ed.). (2013).Cognitive development and epistemology. Academic Press. Wellington, J. (2015).Educational research: Contemporary issues and practical approaches. Bloomsbury Publishing.

Music and Media Perceptions

Since time immemorial, music has been inseparable from the media. This is primarily due to the entertainment function of the media. Thus the media has always incorporated the function of entertaining its listeners in its programming. Despite the good intentions by the media in using music to reach the masses and ensure that they stay competitive, a number of, arguably, negative genres of music have found their way into television screens, and the radio.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Music and Media Perceptions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fact that media owners and workers in media houses allow such music to be played in the radio and on the television tells so much about how the media perceives music. This paper is an in-depth analysis of the perception of the media towards music, and the extent to which the media has influenced kids by playing music. The media uses music for a variety of reasons. The chief reason comes from the fact that all business organizations are always aimed at making profit, and thus most of them use whatever means to achieve this objective. Thus the chief reason why the media uses music as part of its programming is because music has a lot of popularity with the masses and thus the use of music will enable them to reach the masses easily. This is because as people listen to the music being played in the television or radio stations, the media people can use this opportunity to pass commercial messages to the people, and thus be able to grow their clientele. The media has also used music as a commercial tool in promoting the music of certain artists. This is achieved by the media when it plays songs of certain unpopular artists so as to make them known to the public. The second reason why the media uses music is to entertain its listeners. It is common knowledge that every service-providing business organization strives to provide quality services to its clientele. The media, being no exception, designs programs that are meant to entertain their listeners so that the listeners can be contented with the services provided by the media organization. As part of the entertainment function, music is also used by the media between other programs in order to give a break to both the actors and the listeners. This way, the music enhances other programs, making them have a greater impact on their listeners. The use of music by the media, especially some genres of music, has had both positive and negative effects on kids. For instance, when kids listen to music, they get to learn many things, both positive and negative. Thus the kids are more informed if they listen regularly to the music played by the media.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, some music genres have counter-productive effects on kids. Music like hip-h op, rap, rock, etcetera, has been infamous for making kids develop negative morals by trying to emulate it. For instance, hip-hop, which mainly talks about unhealthy sexual relationships, is responsible for the alarmingly young age at which contemporary kids are being initiated to having sexual relationships. Additionally, rap has also been infamous for initiation of kids into gangster hood and the use of drugs. Rock, on the other hand, has been known for making people belonging to a variety of age-groups develop gothic characteristics. Also among these influences is the impact that music has had on the dressing styles of kids and teenagers alike. Hip-hop artists are known for their bad dressing habits. For instance, female hip-hop artists mostly dress in revealing clothes that are copied by our kids. On the other hand, male artists are known for their notorious sagging of trousers, which is also copied by kids and teenagers. Additionally, kids and teenagers have copied the habit of tattooing their bodies, which is common among artists. The paragraph above evidences the fact that music played in the media has had many negative effects on kids. The aforementioned habits like drug abuse, initiation to sexual relationships at young ages, emulation of negative aspects of music artists and the like are all matters of grave concern to parents. Also overlooked in the paragraph above is the fact that rap music has been notorious in promoting violence. In most rap videos, it is not uncommon to see guns and police pursuits. The music may even be produced using gunshots in order for it to have its desired effect on teenagers. This has made children develop violent dispositions as they try to emulate these artists. In fact, these issues have concerned parents so much that some parents have forbidden their children the listening of some types of music. The media knows this but the increasing popularity of some of these genres of music force media houses to play such kind o f music since their failure to play such music could drive them out of business. As evidenced in the discussion above, music is an appendage of the music and an attempt to separate the two will, most definitely, emerge as futile. The music played by the media has had many negative effects on children that parents are increasingly being concerned about the same. Children are now being involved in sexual activities at very young ages, they are abusing drugs, and they have also developed violent dispositions from listening to rap music. There is, therefore, the need for a revolution in the kind of music that the media plays.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Music and Media Perceptions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Music and Media Perceptions was written and submitted by user Charleigh Ochoa to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sample Essays For Vacation And College

Sample Essays For Vacation And CollegeSample essays can be a great way to get ideas for topics for your own essay, but writing a sample essay for vacation can sometimes be tricky. Many writers have learned that writing a sample essay is an exercise in trial and error. A sample essay for vacation, on the other hand, can be edited and improved upon until it's perfect.Writing a sample essay for vacation is hard, but also easy if you do it right. One thing you can do is look for samples of essays you can use as examples. There are some good books out there that offer samples in different topics. These books usually come with plenty of other resources, like sample checklists and test-prep guides, so that you don't have to guess what you need to do.Another place to look for sample essays for vacation are college courses. Many students take college courses each semester, which are likely to include essay assignments and tests, as well as class discussions. For example, a course might featur e sample essays on romance novels. The students take these books home with them and read the essay on a regular basis.Essays for vacation and regular courses often require the same types of skills. First, write a persuasive argument. Make sure the essay is based on facts and not on assumptions. Then make sure that you present your ideas clearly, and try to summarize what you have written.Essays for vacation and regular courses require much more time and effort. That means that you can use your sample essays as a checklist for your own writing. There's no reason to let sample essays for vacation or college courses pass over you.Write a draft first, just to get your hands on a few sample essays. Then, go back and revise and edit those essays to make sure they're really strong essays, and not just versions of the articles you found. Then rewrite your essay.Try to remember that this is your student's personal life, and not something you can easily adapt. That means that you need to writ e your own essay. Practice writing essays, reading essay samples, and re-writing what you have to say.When you're ready to start writing your own essay, start by getting a sample essay for vacation. After that, all you have to do is practice and refine.

The 3 Biggest Changes to Revolutionize Trucking

The 3 Biggest Changes to Revolutionize Trucking The waves of innovation hitting every industry on the planet certainly aren’t missing truckers on the road- check out these changes rounded up by the experts at EveryTruckJob.com and make sure you and your rig aren’t falling behind the times! 1. Going MobileNew apps for hourly driving logs, route mapping, inventory tracking, and dispatcher communication make being on the road more streamlined and connected than ever. Going paperless (or reducing the amount of physical documents you need) by fitting  your paperwork on a device in your pocket will save you time, make record-keeping tidier, and keep your supervisor in the loops.2. Anti-Collision SoftwareThis may not be as easy to put on your truck as downloading a tracker from the app store, but new software (like Bendix Wingman) that alerts drivers to a potential collision is saving lives, keeping insurance costs down, and reducing repairs. Routes are becoming safer and faster, each and every day.3. Integration of Socia l MediaDrivers now have an opportunity to check in with family and friends, notify other drivers about traffic accidents, or give delivery updates on the fly thanks to social media integration. You can use Twitter to pass on safety alerts, share food or mechanic recommendations, or even connect with prospective clients! Just make sure you’re not tweeting and driving- no RT is that important.A tech-savvy driver can be an indispensable asset for any company trying to keep up with the speedy pace of the technological revolution. Stay on top of the resources available to you in the era of smart technology and you’ll have a competitive edge that’s hard to beat!How The Trucking Industry is Rapidly ChangingRead More at www.everytruckjob.com

First Anglo-Afghan War, 1839-1842

First Anglo-Afghan War, 1839-1842 During the nineteenth century, two large European empires vied for dominance in Central Asia. In what was called the Great Game, the Russian Empire moved south while the British Empire moved north from its so-called crown jewel, colonial India. Their interests collided in Afghanistan, resulting in the First Anglo-Afghan War of 1839 to 1842. Background to the First Anglo-Afghan War In the years leading up to this conflict, both the British and Russians approached Afghanistans Emir Dost Mohammad Khan, hoping to form an alliance with him. Britains Governor-General of India, George Eden (Lord Auckland), grew extremely concerned with he heard that a Russian envoy had arrived in Kabul in 1838; his agitation increased when talks broke down between the Afghan ruler and the Russians, signaling the possibility of a Russian invasion. Lord Auckland decided to strike first in order to forestall a Russian attack. He justified this approach in a document known as the Simla Manifesto of October 1839. The manifesto states that in order to secure a trustworthy ally to the west of British India, British troops would enter Afghanistan to support Shah Shuja in his attempts to retake the throne from Dost Mohammad. The British werent invading Afghanistan, according to Auckland- just helping out a deposed friend and preventing foreign interference (from Russia). The British Invade Afghanistan In December of 1838, a British East India Company force of 21,000 mainly Indian troops began to march northwest from Punjab. They crossed the mountains in the dead of winter, arriving at Quetta, Afghanistan in March of 1839. The British easily captured Quetta and Qandahar and then routed Dost Mohammads army in July. The emir fled to Bukhara via Bamyan, and the British reinstalled Shah Shuja on the throne thirty years after he had lost it to Dost Mohammad. Well satisfied with this easy victory, the British withdrew, leaving 6,000 troops to prop up Shujas regime. Dost Mohammad, however, was not ready to give up so easily, and in 1840 he mounted a counter-attack from Bukhara, in what is now Uzbekistan. The British had to rush reinforcements back into Afghanistan; they managed to capture Dost Mohammad and brought him to India as a prisoner. Dost Mohammads son, Mohammad Akbar, began to rally Afghan fighters to his side in the summer and autumn of 1841 from his base in Bamyan. Afghan discontent with the continued presence of foreign troops mounted, leading to the assassination of Captain Alexander Burnes and his aides in Kabul on November 2, 1841; the British did not retaliate against the mob that killed Captain Burnes, encouraging further anti-British action. Meanwhile, in an effort to soothe his angry subjects, Shah Shuja made the fateful decision that he no longer needed British support. General William Elphinstone and the 16,500 British and Indian troops on Afghan soil agreed to begin their withdrawal from Kabul on January 1, 1842. As they made their way through the winter-bound mountains toward Jalalabad, on January 5th a contingent of Ghilzai (Pashtun) warriors attacked the ill-prepared British lines. The British East India troops were strung out along the mountain path, struggling through two feet of snow. In the melee that followed, the Afghans killed almost all of the British and Indian soldiers and camp followers. A small handful was taken, prisoner. The British doctor William Brydon famously managed to ride his injured horse through the mountains and report the disaster to British authorities in Jalalabad. He and eight captured prisoners were the only ethnic British survivors out of about 700 who set out from Kabul. Just a few months after the massacre of Elphinstones army by Mohammad Akbars forces, the new leaders agents assassinated the unpopular and now defenseless Shah Shuja. Furious about the massacre of their Kabul garrison, the British East India Company troops in Peshawar and Qandahar marched on Kabul, rescuing several British prisoners and burning down the Great Bazaar in retaliation. This further enraged the Afghans, who set aside ethnolinguistic differences and united to drive the British out of their capital city. Lord Auckland, whose brain-child the original invasion had been, next concocted a plan to storm Kabul with a much larger force and establish permanent British rule there. However, he had a stroke in 1842 and was replaced as Governor-General of India by Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough, who had a mandate to restore peace to Asia. Lord Ellenborough released Dost Mohammad from prison in Calcutta without fanfare, and the Afghan emir retook his throne in Kabul. Consequences of the First Anglo-Afghan War Following this great victory over the British, Afghanistan maintained its independence and continued to play the two European powers off of each other for three more decades. In the meantime, the Russians conquered much of Central Asia up to the Afghan border, seizing what is now Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. The people of what is now Turkmenistan were the last vanquished by the Russians, at the Battle of Geoktepe in 1881. Alarmed by the tsars expansionism, Britain kept a wary eye on Indias northern borders. In 1878, they would invade Afghanistan once again, sparking the Second Anglo-Afghan War. As for the people of Afghanistan, the first war with the British reconfirmed their distrust of foreign powers and their intense dislike of foreign troops on Afghan soil. British army chaplain Reverand G.R. Gleig wrote in 1843 that the First Anglo-Afghan War was begun for no wise purpose, carried on with a strange mixture of rashness and timidity, [and] brought to a close after suffering and disaster, without much glory attached either to the government which directed, or the great body of troops which waged it. It seems safe to assume that Dost Mohammad, Mohammad Akbar, and the majority of Afghan people were much better pleased by the outcome.